Liang, C. Z., W. J. Gui, et al. (2008). "Optimization of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay for carbofuran and application to water samples." Analytical Letters 41(8): 1304-1317.
[abstract]: A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for carbofuran was developed, which was based on the anti-BFNB IgG monoclonal antibody (McAb) and a homologous enzyme tracer (BFNB-HRP). The influence of several physicochemical factors (salt, pH, detergent, and solvent) on the immunoassay was studied. For the standard curve, an I-50 of 2.98 mu g/l and a limit of detection (I-10) of 0.27 mu g/l was obtained in a high salt concentration buffer (0.08M PBS, pH 7.0) with 0.03% BSA. A common challenge for immunoassay, time-dependent drift, was effectively circumvented in our study. The optimized ELISA has been used to quantify carbofuran in water samples spiked at different amounts. The excellent recoveries (71% to 130%) achieved confirmed the potential of the immunoassay for monitoring of carbofuran in waters without purification steps.